What is a function?

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Functions are building blocks of the program. They allow the code to be called many times without repetition!

function greeting() {
	console.log("Hello everyone!");
}

greeting(); // Hello everyone!

Let’s declare a variable name and assign Penguin value to the name variable!

let name = "Penguin";

// method 1
function greeting() {
	console.log("Hello " + name + "!");
}

// method 2 with template string, a new feature in ES6
function greeting() {
	console.log(`Hello ${name}!`);
	// use 'back-tick' key, next to number 1 on keyboard instead of single or double quotes
}

greeting(); // Hello Penguin!

What if you need to greet many visitors and their names are not Penguin? You can set a parameter named name to the greeting function. And you pass ‘Anna’ or ‘Victoria’ or any name as an argument.

function greeting(name) {
	console.log(`Hello ${name}!`);
}

greeting("Anna"); // Hello Anna!
greeting("Victoria"); // Hello Victoria!

What if you forgot to pass an argument to name? The console will show Hello undefined!. We can do this in a few ways.

Passing default value by adding name = 'Stranger'
Use if else statement
Using the OR || operator by adding name = name || 'Stranger'

// method 1
function greeting(name = "Stranger") {
	console.log(`Hello ${name}!`);
}

// method 2
function greeting(name) {
	if (name === undefined) {
		console.log("Hello Stranger!");
	} else {
		console.log(`Hello ${name}!`);
	}
}

// method 3
function greeting(name) {
	name = name || "Stranger";
	console.log(`Hello ${name}!`);
}

There are 2 ways of declaring functions

// first:  Function Declaration, which is what you have been read so far
function sayHi() {
	console.log("Hello");
}

// second: Function Expression
const sayHi = function () {
	console.log("Hello");
};

What are the differences between them?

function declaration => declared as a separated statement in the main code flow
- can be called earlier than it is defined.
function expression => created inside an expression or inside another syntax construct with assignment expression =
- can be used when the interpreter reaches the line

Can we copy function?

Yes, a function is a value, so we can copy them!

const anotherSayHi = sayHi;

ananotherSayHi(); // Hello

Keep in mind

If you declare a function inside a function, you cannot call the inside function from outside of the sayHi function.

function sayHello() {
	console.log("Hello!");
	// the inside function
	function anotherHello() {
		console.log("Hello from anotherHello");
	}
}

sayHello(); // Hello!
anotherHello(); // error, anotherHello is not defined.

Function declarations are their block scopes. If a function was declared within the curly bracket, the function only can be called inside the curly bracket of its parents

function sayHello() {
	console.log("Hello!");
	// the inside function
	function anotherHello() {
		console.log("Hello from anotherHello");
	}
	// call it from sayHello's curly bracket
	anotherHello();
}

sayHello(); // Hello! and Hello from anotherHello

What is Arrow Function

There is another simple and concise syntax for creating functions! And it is called arrow function. It is one of the ES6 features.

The basic:

// regular function
function func() {
	return expression;
}
// arrow function
const func = () => expression;

Both functions work the same way and will return the same expression. The arrow function allows us to write without the return keyword.

// regular function
const sum = function (a, b) {
	return a + b;
};
// arrow function
const sum = (a, b) => a + b;

Let’s convert this function to arrow function!

// regular function
function sayHello() {
	console.log("Hello!");
	function anotherHello() {
		console.log("Hello from anotherHello");
	}
	anotherHello();
}

// arrow function
const sayHello = () => {
	console.log("Hello!");
	const anotherHello = () => console.log("Hello from anotherHello");
	anotherHello();
};

What is IIFE?

It stands for Immediately-Invoked Function Expression. How does it work? It runs immediately as soon as the function is defined and can also be referred to as a self-executing anonymous function.

// regular function
(function () {
	// code to run
})();

// arrow function
(() => {
	// code to run
})();

Why do we write IIFE? It allows us to avoid polluting the global namespace.

Thank you!

Thank you for reading my blog! 😊

JavaScript Functions